【OG20-P446-572题】It can be inferred from the passage that the autho_OG17新题_-{$seo

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There are recent reports of apparently drastic declines in amphibian populations and of extinctions of a number of the world’s endangered amphibian species. These declines, if real, may be signs of a general trend toward extinction, and many environmentalists have claimed that immediate environmental action is necessary to remedy this “amphibian crisis,” which, in their view, is an indicator of general and catastrophic environmental degradation due to human activity.

To evaluate these claims, it is useful to make a preliminary distinction that is far too often ignored. A declining population should not be confused with an endangered one. An endangered population is always rare, almost always small, and, by definition, under constant threat of extinction even without a proximate cause in human activities. Its disappearance, however unfortunate, should come as no great surprise. Moreover, chance events—which may indicate nothing about the direction of trends in population size—may lead to its extinction. The probability of extinction due to such random factors depends on the population size and is independent of the prevailing direction of change in that size.

For biologists, population declines are potentially more worrisome than extinctions. Persistent declines, especially in large populations, indicate a changed ecological context. Even here, distinctions must again be made among declines that are only apparent (in the sense that they are part of habitual cycles or of normal fluctuations), declines that take a population to some lower but still acceptable level, and those that threaten extinction (e.g., by taking the number of individuals below the minimum viable population). Anecdotal reports of population decreases cannot distinguish among these possibilities, and some amphibian populations have shown strong fluctuations in the past.

It is indisputably true that there is simply not enough long-term scientific data on amphibian populations to enable researchers to identify real declines in amphibian populations. Many fairly common amphibian species declared all but extinct after severe declines in the 1950s and 1960s have subsequently recovered, and so might the apparently declining populations that have generated the current appearance of an amphibian crisis. Unfortunately, longterm data will not soon be forthcoming, and postponing environmental action while we wait for it may doom species and whole ecosystems to extinction.

【OG20-P446-572题】

It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following to be true of the amphibian extinctions that have recently been reported?

A

They have resulted primarily from human activities causing environmental degradation. 分析A选项
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B

They could probably have been prevented if timely action had been taken to protect the habitats of amphibian species. 分析B选项
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C

They should not come as a surprise, because amphibian populations generally have been declining for a number of years. 分析C选项
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D

They have probably been caused by a combination of chance events. 分析D选项
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E

They do not clearly constitute evidence of general environmental degradation. 分析E选项
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当前版本由感觉自己萌萌哒更新于2015-11-03 11:06:22 感谢由感觉自己萌萌哒对此题目的解答所做出的贡献。

题干：作者对 amphibian extinctions 
考作者态度，选项带入，排除法
A They have resulted primarily from human activities causing environmental degradation.
原文相反：n endangered population is always rare, almost always small, and, by definition, under constant threat of extinction even without a proximate cause in human activities.
B They could probably have been prevented if timely action had been taken to protect the habitats of amphibian species.
原文无涉及protect the habitats of amphibian species
C They should not come as a surprise, because amphibian populations generally have been declining for a number of years. 无涉及because之后内容
D They have probably been caused by a combination of chance events.
提到chance events，但是无涉及a combination of chance events
E They do not clearly constitute evidence of general environmental degradation.

题目讨论（10条评论）

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499685skw

A -- primarily from human activities -- 文中没说，错， B -- habitat of amphibian species -- 文中也没有提及，也没有说过可以被prevent只是说放任不管会有灭绝的可能， C -- amphibian populations have been declining for years -- 文中没说已经decline for years D -- caused by chance events -- 是endangered E -- 对应原文： in their view, is an indicator of general and catastrophic environmental degradation due to human activity. 正确

0 0 回复 2022-09-25 20:52:00

司令Selin

第一段说 有报告说a的数量下降，有些a濒临灭绝，下降是灭绝的趋势，e声称要采取行动进行补救，人类活动导致灾难性的环境退化
第二段说 为了评估以上的主张，要先做个区分，减少的种群和濒临灭绝的种群不一样。濒临灭绝的种群稀少，数量少，即使没有人类活动也会处于灭绝的持续威胁，消失了也不奇怪。偶然事件也会导致灭绝，但是偶然事件对种群规模的趋势没有指示作用。随机因素导致灭绝只取决于种群的大小，与种群大小的变化方向无关。
第三段说 b说种群下降比灭绝更令人担忧。持续下降，尤其是在大量种群中，就表明了生态环境发生了变化。此时还要区分下降的程度（是正常周期，还是较低水平但可接二手，哈斯濒临灭绝）。一些a的数量在过去强烈波动。
第四段说 没有足够多的关于a的种群的长期数据使得研究人员能确定a真正下降了。后面是举例说明原因，说之前有a减少后灭绝了，但又恢复了，所以当前a数量的减少可能也是这种情况。但不幸的是没有长期数据能预测，在我们等待这些数据出炉的时候推迟了环境保护行动，有可能会导致物种和整个生态系统灭绝。

经分析文章，发现文章并没有给出确定的证据和事实来证明a种群的数量真的下降且濒临灭绝了。
题目：哪个是作者认为的最近关于a的灭绝的报道是真实的？
A  a灭绝主要因为人类活动造成的环境退化。文中说的是相反的，濒临灭绝的物种不受人类活动影响也会灭绝。错
B 如果及时保护a物种的栖息地可以避免灭绝。文中没有提到关于保护栖息地的内容，无关排除
C a灭绝不出奇，因为a的种群数量好几年都在下降，文中没有提到这个趋势，无中生有，排除
D a的灭绝可能是由偶然事件的组合造成的，这个probably没有确凿的证据，排除
E a的灭绝没有清晰的组成整体环境退化的证据。正确，第一段种提到a的数量下降（可能是灭绝的信号），which, in e’s view, is an indicator of general and catastrophic environmental degradation due to human activity。因为环境退化主要由人类活动造成，但a的灭绝并不一定由人类活动造成（在前面做了数量下降和濒临灭绝的区分，可能有其他原因），所以a的灭绝不一定是环境退化的结果，中间搭不上桥，无法把两者联系起来，所以a的灭绝不能说是环境退化的证据。

0 回复 2022-08-01 23:05:17

180687pkqh

关键词amphibian extinctions that have recently been reported，定位第一段。第一段环境学家给出观点，第二段作者反驳观点。 A. 环境学家观点，错。 B. 为最后一段观点，但最后一段也没有提及habitats，错。 C. 为第二段观点。但第二段没有说是因为decline in population，只是说了population基数一直很小，没有体现decline，错。 D. 为第二段观点，但原文是may(有这个可能性但不一定)，选项probably（大概率是，几乎肯定）夸大可能性，错。 E. 第一段环境学家给出的观点，作者第二段进行反驳。选项符合。

0 0 回复 2022-04-01 11:16:23
DYR

第一段环境学家说：人类活动→恶化→灭绝但是作者分类讨论：辨析了Extinctions的灭绝有两种情况：第一种是第二段提到的：本身物种就是endangered population，灭绝与人类活动无关。也就是说，不是人类活动导致，也就不是环境恶化导致的。(under constant threat of extinction even without a proximate cause in human activities) 第二种是第二段说的：不正常的population decline导致的灭绝，这种是因为环境变化导致的灭绝。(Persistent declines, especially in large populations, indicate a changed ecological context.) 结合这两种情况，作者就反驳了环境学家的观点一定是人类造成的环境恶化导致的灭亡。

0 0 回复 2022-01-22 18:36:16
291926fv

选项：amphhibian extinctions do not constitute evidence of environmental degradation, 翻译：灭绝不是由环境恶化导致B=C。文中：没有明说两栖动物灭绝不是由环境恶化导致，但是有说：人类活动对灭绝不构成直接影响A不=C。第一段又说：是人类活动导致的环境恶化A=B。

0 0 回复 2021-10-26 09:38:10
cchloee

同义改写： It is indisputably true that there is simply not enough long-term scientific data on amphibian populations to enable researchers to identify real declines in amphibian populations.

0 0 回复 2021-06-19 05:36:57
cchloee

题干文的是作者想法，直接去第四段定位。
这就是一个同义改写“It is indisputably true that there is simply not enough long-term scientific data on amphibian populations to enable researchers to identify real declines in amphibian populations.“。

0 0 回复 2021-06-19 05:36:41
October

陷阱题，很多人忽视了题干里的that have recently been reported? 就直接根据extinctions去第2段找了。其实定位句在第1段。 reports of apparently drastic declines in amphibian populations and of extinctions of a number of the world’s endangered amphibian species.这里reports里的两块，包括题干里的the amphibian extinctions that have recently been reported都属于these declines，注意第2句话里的these指代词。所以要在declines in population找答案，而非在extinction里找。这里的extinction和文章区分概念decline in population VS extinction不同，它属于decline的内容

0 0 回复 2020-11-01 10:16:09
October回复October

author肯定是反驳environmentalists 观点的，所以对environmentalists 观点进行取反。 These declines, if real, may be signs of a general trend toward extinction, and many environmentalists have claimed that immediate environmental action is necessary to remedy this “amphibian crisis,” which, in their view, is an indicator of general and catastrophic environmental degradation due to human activity.

0 0 回复 2020-11-01 10:17:35
October

陷阱题，reports of apparently drastic declines in amphibian populations and of extinctions of a number of the world’s endangered amphibian species.这里reports里的两块，包括题干里的the amphibian extinctions that have recently been reported都属于these declines，所以要在declines in population找答案，而非在distinction里找。

0 0 回复 2020-11-01 09:41:47
October回复October

注意，这里的distinction和文章区分概念decline in population VS distinction不同，它属于decline的内容

0 0 回复 2020-11-01 09:48:22
506230whpp

从文章整体来看，中间两端都是在介绍一些关于“物种减少”“物种灭绝”等的一些知识，真正在表明作者观点的是第一段和第四段。如果不是很能理解上面这句话，建议全文翻译成中文再理解一下。

0 0 回复 2020-09-17 20:06:38