The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rationalmodel of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executivesrely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problemsthat require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise； and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysismodels and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used inthis way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the greatuncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
The passage suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned in line 12?
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第一段，和第三段首句都提到如何使用 use intuition直觉，而不是讨论the role the intuition
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2021-09-11 10:59:56
把such writers 想成了managers
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2020-12-05 23:37:23
writers：poor grasp of what intuition is➡️等价Ｃ 不该错
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2019-08-08 19:46:43
Chelsea冲750回复Chelsea冲750
等价D：misunderstood
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2019-08-08 19:47:07
原文中a poor grasp of what intuition is，为什么不是对应E的the role呢？并没有提到D的how to use啊
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2019-08-03 15:15:35
yejinsui回复Scopio_
可以对应the role 但E是说承认它的role of 所以是错的
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2019-09-09 17:09:46
文中：In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is.意思是这些作者没有理解什么是intuition。D项偏向于misunderstand，E项是have not acknowledged，并不是没有认识到，而是错误理解。
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2019-02-22 14:14:05
yejinsui回复十月烟雨
acknowledge的意思是承认
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2019-09-09 17:09:01
E是承认intution的地位 所以选D
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2018-12-26 21:06:11
E为什么不对？
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2018-10-25 15:34:51
定位到本句：Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is。 可以知道是对于intuition有不正确的理解。那么DE之间需要细微辨别一下。D会更加合适，对于intuition的运用方法问题。
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2018-09-01 11:31:06
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