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Manufacturers have to do more than build large manufacturing plants to realize economies of scale.It is true that as the capacity of a manufacturing operation rises, costs per unit of output fall as plant size approaches "minimum efficient scale," where the cost per unit of output reaches a minimum, determined roughly by the state of existing technology and size of the potential market. However, minimum efficient scale cannot be fully realized unless a steady "throughput" (the flow of materials through a plant) is attained. The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers. If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. A manufacturer’s fixed costs and "sunk costs" (original capital investment in the physical plant) do not decrease when production declines due to inadequate supplies of raw materials, problems on the factory floor, or inefficient sales networks. Consequently, potential economies of scale are based on the physical and engineering characteristics of the production facilities—that is, on tangible capital—but realized economies of scale are operational and organizational, and depend on knowledge, skills, experience, and teamwork—that is, on organized human capabilities, or intangible capital.
The importance of investing in intangible capital becomes obvious when one looks at what happens in new capital-intensive manufacturing industries. Such industries are quickly dominated, not by the first firms to acquire technologically sophisticated plants of theoretically optimal size, but rather by the first to exploit the full potential of such plants. Once some firms achieve this, a market becomes extremely hard to enter. Challengers must construct comparable plants and do so after the first movers have already worked out problems with suppliers or with new production processes. Challengers must create distribution networks and marketing systems in markets where first movers have all the contacts and know-how. And challengers must recruit management teams to compete with those that have already mastered these functional and strategic activities.
【OG20-P429-531题】
The passage LEAST supports the inference that a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by
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The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process（B，C选项）, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers（A选项） and final consumers（E选项）.只剩D没提到。
定位于文章中第一段中关于吞吐量的叙述，注意题干的least，要选择文中没有提及的信息的选项
A错误，文章提及了批发商的选择
B错误，文章也提及了工厂车间的问题
C错误，理由同上，也可以将其归结为工厂车间的问题
D正确，文章谈及了吞吐量的变化会导致单位产出成本的改变，但没有暗示相反的因果关系
E错误，文中提及了销售网络效率下降会影响吞吐量
原句：“If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear. ” 是throughput下降导致unit costs上升，而不是unit cost上升影响throughput。所以选D。其他条件基本散落在全文各处，比较难定位。但D选项是很明显的颠倒了两者的关系。
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2022-10-05 19:43:52
唉，就是定位找错了，=-=
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2022-09-02 16:56:27
成本高了，尤其是可变成本高了，无非就是利润低一些，不会影响生产
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2022-08-19 15:14:56
销售网络不是真的实体网络。。
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2022-02-25 19:20:19
1. 细节题
The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers.
D. 文章提到了throughput的变化会影响每单位的成功，没有提到每单位的成本对throughout的影响。
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2021-05-09 16:55:16
A,B,C和E说的都是工厂供给端，也就是与生产成本直接相关的。 而D说的是需求端，作为产品的customer需要付出的那部分钱，与生产成本无关。
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2020-12-17 21:20:04
255832kcxw回复Ms Eh
不是的 cost不可能只属于需求端 这道题的分析应该是：由于throughput产生了ABCE的这些问题 导致了D边际成本增加的结果 所以ABCE是问题 D是问题出现后导致的结果
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2021-06-14 01:44:15
强调flow: 生产物资在生产过程的流动性；物资从供应商那拿过来到产品流出给批发商的流动性 sales network销售网络，涵盖流动的概念
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2020-11-16 17:33:38
d選項是結果
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2020-10-30 15:14:47
D 的解释是 the passage emphasized that changes in throughput ca cause increases or decreases i costs per unit. but passage is not committed to any claims about how changes in costs per unit might affect throughput.
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2020-07-24 20:46:43
A. a mistake in judgment regarding the selection of a wholesaler = the flow of output to wholesalers B. a breakdown in the factory's machinery = problems on the factory floor C. a labor dispute on the factory floor = problems on the factory floor E. a drop in the efficiency of the sales network = inefficient sales networks
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2020-07-01 22:24:18
第五行后面那句说了maintain throughput所需要的三个方面。选项是三个大方面中的实际例子。
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2019-07-31 10:14:13
定位：The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process（B&C 受影响）, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers(A 受影响) and final consumers（E受影响）. The passage LEAST supports the inference that a manufacturer's throughput could be adversely affected by Least support 我的理解是最小支持，或者不支持的，受到不利影响的是哪一个 找文中哪个因素影响了Throughput，影响到throughput的不选，选不影响throughput的 A a mistake in judgment regarding the selection of a wholesaler 出现在文中 wholesaler B a breakdown in the factory's machinery出现在production process中 C a labor dispute on the factory floor 出现在production process中 D an increase in the cost per unit of output 没提及 E a drop in the efficiency of the sales network 出现在 customer中
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2018-12-25 16:16:21
way 1（排除法）
The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers and final consumers
1.production- machinery & labor in the factory
2.supplier
3.wholesaler-wholesaler
4.customer -sales network
way 2：直接做
If throughput falls below a critical point, unit costs rise sharply and profits disappear.
D选项因果倒置：unit cost 应该是被TP 影响的，而不是 TP 会被unit cost所影响
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2018-11-08 11:08:23
The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination: - not only of the flow of goods through the *production process*, - but also of the flow of input from *suppliers* and the flow of output to *wholesalers and final consumers*. Sunk costs do not decrease when production declines due to： - inadequate supplies of raw materials, - problems on the “factory floor”, - or inefficient “sales networks”. D 因果关系颠倒，是thoughput影响cost per unit，而不是cpu影响throughput
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2018-10-03 13:11:24
定位第一段：The throughput needed to maintain the optimal scale of production requires careful coordination not only of the flow of goods through the production process（B，C选项）, but also of the flow of input from suppliers and the flow of output to wholesalers（A选项） and final consumers（E选项）.只剩D没提到。
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2018-09-15 17:18:29
UomoVitruviano回复EmilyQii
正解！！！
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2018-12-16 00:47:55
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