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The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed "intuition" to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an "Aha!" experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that "thinking" is inseparable from acting. Since managers often "know" what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert. Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
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A错误，X经理不会先分析后行动，与文章相反
B错误，X经理使用直觉而不是systematic analysis来检验问题解决方案
C正确，正确地说出了两类经理的区别：采取行动的目的不同
D错误，这是“直觉管理法”的范畴
E错误，这同样是“直觉管理法”的使用者的特点A
前三个选项说X，后两个选项说Y…麻了，一题两分钟，我又要理清文章逻辑就要理解选项意思，还得提防这种坑，GMAC的老头们你们真厉害
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2022-05-14 20:38:04
第一段最后一句：manager X: and to integrate action into the process of thinking. 第一段中间：manager Y:and only then taking action to implement the decision.
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2019-08-01 12:23:18
如果不是看了评论，感到自己就要关掉iPad了。 选了D 但是发现X完全就是那样的呀 难道我找不对或者理解错了吗 直到发现答案DE把位置调换了。。太狗了
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2019-04-19 16:20:17
Y:The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. X: Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution.
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2017-12-21 15:33:58
哎呀，DE先说的都是Y的动作，没看清楚题，在DE中纠结半天！！！
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2017-01-04 17:45:48
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