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After evidence was obtained in the 1920s that the universe is expanding, it became reasonable to ask: Will the universe continue to expand indefinitely, or is there enough mass in it for the mutual attraction of its constituents to bring this expansion to a halt? It can be calculated that the critical density of matter needed to brake the expansion and "close" the universe is equivalent to three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter. But the density of the observable universe-luminous matter in the form of galaxies-comes to only a fraction of this. If the expansion of the universe is to stop, there must be enough invisible matter in the universe to exceed the luminous matter in density by a factor of roughly 70.
Our contribution to the search for this "missing matter" has been to study the rotational velocity of galaxies at various distances from their center of rotation. It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center. If luminosity were a true indicator of mass, most of the mass would be concentrated toward the center. Outside the nucleus the rotational velocity would decrease geometrically with distance from the center, in conformity with Kepler's law. Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly. This unexpected result indicates that the falloff in luminous mass with distance from the center is balanced by an increase in nonluminous mass.
Our findings suggest that as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth. Such dark matter could be in the form of extremely dim stars of low mass, of large planets like Jupiter, or of black holes, either small or massive. While it has not yet been determined whether this mass is sufficient to close the universe, some physicists consider it significant that estimates are converging on the critical value.
The authors’ study indicates that, in comparison with the outermost regions of a typical spiral galaxy, the region just outside the nucleus can be characterized as having
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从文中可知：随着距明亮中心越来越远，环绕的速度不变甚至略有上升，而中心区域附近的亮度会高于远端地区，因此D符合文章意思
没有理解定位句
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2019-09-27 08:32:41
极其微小意思是similar
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2018-08-21 10:03:23
一定要注意这种转折instead : Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly. 根据原文定位，环绕速度保持不变或变化及其微小。 否则定位到INSTEAD前面的话，就会错选，
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2018-06-16 22:26:19
问outside（外围）和outermost（最外围）亮度和速度的比较，回文定位
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2017-11-21 14:17:46
Instead we have found that the rotational velocity in spiral galaxies either remains constant with increasing distance from the center or increases slightly. 根据原文定位，环绕速度保持不变或变化及其微小。 It has been known for some time that outside the bright nucleus of a typical spiral galaxy luminosity falls off rapidly with distance from the center. 亮度随着逐渐变远，越来越淡。即中间部位应该是亮的。
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2017-10-06 20:43:21
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