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Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
【OG20-P452-585题】
Which of the following most accurately describes Clark’s opinion of Braverman’s position?
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B并不非常看重技术所有可能带来的影响力，这一点与JC的立场相反
A错误，文中未提及“JC尊重B观点的广泛普遍性”
B正确，该选项体现了JC与B观点的冲突
C错误，文章没有提及workers affected
D错误，文中未提及“JC担心新技术的实施会受阻”
E错误，文中未提及“JC对...表示同情”
C不同意B的观点，而B的观点在第二段，the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire
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2022-08-03 16:18:34
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. Clark认为技术对社会和管理有决定性作用，而这个观点被SC的观点模糊了。
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2022-04-11 10:37:24
B-technological system-subordinate-manager’s desire-相关利益方商议决定如何设计technology 所以B认为manger才能决定技术的走向，与JC观点完全相反
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2020-11-15 22:07:32
obscured与选项中的disapprove对应，即Clark说的好处被掩盖 即不支持
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2020-06-09 13:53:41
obscured 使模糊，使费解
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2019-07-27 23:24:48
锁定“manger's deire”--"manger"
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2019-01-30 14:47:27
A.错。是因为Clark虽然是赞同manangement and labor union negotiated the introduction of the technology,但是他不赞同Braverman的观点‘即management是全部’
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2018-09-06 20:08:05
D到底哪里不对呢?Braver不是就是不重视科技吗？他们这种态度确实是潜在的影响新科技的实施啊
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2018-01-05 01:02:11
Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis Clark前面说的好处都被B支持的理论給遮掩了
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2017-10-23 09:58:05
liao8520回复河边柳青青
mark下
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2018-06-03 14:19:34
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