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Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
【OG20-P453-586题】
The information in the passage suggests that which of the following statements from hypothetical sociological studies of change in industry most clearly exemplifies the social constructivists’ version of technological determinism?
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A正确，再现了文章第三段最后一部分的内容
B错误，文章没有表达“所有的过程都是不断妥协和权衡的结果”
C错误，与“人”无关
D错误，与“研发”无关
E错误，与educated workers无关
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism这些constructive观点的代表人物通过扭曲technological determinism获得支持，在他们认为technological determinism是一个社会外在的因素，对社会直接施加影响，也就是说，是一个单向施加影响的过程 A 正确，因为他们把view technology as existing outside society，认为就是一个外界的因素。但是Clark 觉得 "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables.
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2022-08-04 15:39:37
the alternative 另外的，第3段，建构主义者认为的技术决定论：1.machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society+2.view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
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2022-08-03 16:59:35
A 正确的理解是Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. A是极端化了
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2022-06-24 17:30:22
科技改变社会？还是社会影响科技？ 鸡和蛋的问题
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2022-06-19 12:25:42
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization. 建构主义者通过对技术决定论的曲解而获得认可:例如，技术决定论被认为是机器将适当形式的秩序强加于社会。换句话说，建构主义的另一种选择是将技术视为存在于社会之外的，能够直接影响技能和工作组织。冒号后面是举例，如果技术决定论认为…，建构主义就会…这样曲解。
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2022-04-11 10:45:20
可是A不是Clark的结论吗，第二段的第一句‘Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization.’，怎么又变成了constructivism的结论了？奇奇怪怪
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2021-07-06 14:20:14
leon小恶魔回复 击麦700+++
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
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2022-05-10 13:26:06
leon小恶魔回复 击麦700+++
技术派正确的观点为：机器能影响”社会“。被社会建设派曲解为：技术独立于”社会层面“，直接影响工人的机巧的组织结构。
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2022-05-10 13:27:56
读懂第3段，冒号：里的内容，in other words同义转述。前面那句话是对technological determinism的正确理解，后面那句话是constructivists对technological determinism的歪曲。 machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society✔️ 这里“appropriate”明显是个正向词 view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.❌ 这是constructivists的歪曲理解，对应选项A 整体上看，不同点在于，歪曲方理解中“technology是和skill/workers是割裂开的，而非互相融合的” 跟第4段里Clark理解的显然不同，Clark认为technological determinism是“technology不是冰冷的机器，而是跟人融合的，改变 telephone exchange就能影响到人的许多方面”
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2020-11-01 19:13:54
A选项直接定位在第三段，第三段就是SC misrepresenting的TD，SC认为支持TD的人是view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization. 是technology directly influencing直接影响（决定）work skills.而不是work skills影响application of technology.
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2020-04-14 15:10:00
找到c怎么看t：The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.
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2020-02-03 22:09:26
b是sc 不是td的内容
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2019-12-02 12:14:56
supposed to那一句是TD本来应该有的观点，而紧跟着后面那一句是SC对TD的误读
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2019-10-13 17:24:06
B选项 技术决定一切，暗示没有negotiation
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2019-08-14 23:19:21
问的是constructivists’ version，直接定位第二段呀。machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society.。再结合通篇主旨。再现了文章第三段最后一部分的内容是个啥？
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2018-12-20 21:07:53
SC的观点--第三段The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization. B他强调机器仅仅反应了社会的选择，Technological System只是管理者控制工人的工具，或利益集团追逐利益的基础工作， 这便是Social Constructivism。 Constructivists为获得认同而曲解了TD：TDs are supposed to believe本认为机械能以适当的形式改变社会规范。而这点到了Cons的嘴里，就变成了“是技术，而不是人，改变了社会进程。（直译：直接影响了工作技能及模式）
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2018-10-17 09:06:09
这道题只要提出technology掌握一切就可，如果是科技和人类互相兼容或者互相帮助的都不是在表达social constructivist口中的technological
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2018-09-06 20:13:52
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