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Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.
The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semi-electronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"
【OG20-P453-587题】
The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?
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The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism，定位在这里。
if not gain widespread,那就不会mispresenting，所以就是greater understand
这都什么破官方解释 我来解释一下吧： “The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that ........ work organization.”原文定位在这里 A.Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions. 原文没有提到Businesses considering social consequences....（没有明说 不要推理） B.与原文部分对应...反论对应 理解“understanding of the role played by technology in producing social change” C.Businesses would be less likely to understand the attitudes of employees affected by modernization. 没说关注员工态度 D.Modernization would have occurred at a slower rate. 都知道是什么鬼...还Slower rate E.Technology would have played a greater part in determining the role of business in society. 干扰项“determining the role of business in society..”这个不属于 social constructivism 更属于 technological determinism，social constructivism 更强调 人来决定技术 因此 选B
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2022-09-10 04:36:56
灭绝人性回复灭绝人性
为什么 回车 不显示 害我排版了半天。。。 大家将就看吧
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2022-09-10 04:37:44
technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization，但是has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis
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2022-08-03 17:11:01
E扩大了这个观点的作用，观点就是观点，对现实的影响另当别论，况且文中没有提及。B从主观视角回答，挑不出错
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2022-04-11 10:49:46
E是相反选项，定位第二段最后一句。SC的观点就是tech直接影响skill和org. 如果SC没有那么被广泛接受，SC的观点就会有削弱的程度，E恰恰是增强了SC的观点
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2020-05-22 07:28:16
排除E的几个点： 1.题干问道clark和social constructivism，始终把握二者的battle点（即文章讨论的主体），即technology与social change，E将social change局限在了business，不佳； 2.选E的人（比如我）错误定位在第一段：Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization.这个定位首先距离太远，不佳；其次，该定位实为clark的观点，换句话说，不论social constructivism有无gain widespread acceptance，这个观点始终不变，所以不存在一个比较级greater part 3.说回E本身，问问自己，难道social constructivism没有gain widespread acceptance，Technology就能对determining the role of business更有作用了？其实不管sc是否被接受，technology对于determining the role of business的作用都是客观存在的，大就是大，小就是小。 而聪明的选项B说的就人们的主观认知，greater understanding，这才是那些widespread acceptance的影响
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2019-12-29 12:21:32
B是主观认知，文中两个观点就是在讨论认知，而客观事实是不会改变的
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2019-12-07 18:06:05
Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.
a solid contribution to a debate对应C中a successful challenge
定位在最后一段段首Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. refutes可与challenge对应
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2019-12-02 15:52:26
排除e的逻辑在于 支持哪一派都是理论和认知的层面，而e项说实际生活中tech能发挥的作用了
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2019-08-27 18:01:33
275476gao回复 210457ynqsj
厉害
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2022-06-19 12:35:16
第三段social gain acceptance是因为misrepresent 科技的作用。所以题目如果social是错的，没有获得更多的认可—则取反—科技的作用会被大家认可
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2019-04-07 23:41:54
求解E
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2019-03-13 21:23:45
求解释E？
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2018-11-16 19:06:01
UomoVitruviano回复UomoVitruviano
好吧懂了
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2018-11-16 19:06:51
推理+细节题 would be true---应是S2: /Put more strongly, technology can be /a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes /this possibility/ has been obscured
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2018-10-17 09:10:59
Clark想表达的并不是科技可以决定society,他的主旨是想为technological determinism洗白，说明他们并不是机器般的存在，想要更好的被理解
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2018-09-06 20:17:44
定位词， Put more strongly,
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2018-08-28 16:36:22
第三段
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2018-04-08 16:04:48
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