The general density dependence model can be applied to explain the founding of specialist firms (those attempting to serve a narrow target market). According to this model, specialist foundings hinge on the interplay between legitimation and competitive forces, both of which are functions of the density (total number) of firms in a particular specialist population. Legitimation occurs as a new type of firm moves from being viewed as unfamiliar to being viewed as a natural way to organize. At low density levels, each founding increases legitimation, reducing barriers to entry and easing subsequent foundings. Competition occurs because the resources that firms seek--customers, suppliers, and employees--are limited, but as long as density is low relative to plentiful resources, the addition of another firm has a negligible impact on the intensity of competition. At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.
While several studies have found a significant correspondence between the density dependence model and actual patterns of foundings, other studies have found patterns not consistent with the model. A possible explanation for this inconsistency is that legitimation and competitive forces transcend national boundaries, while studies typically restrict their analysis to the national level. Thus a national-level analysis can understate the true legitimation and competitive forces as well as the number of foundings in an industry that is internationally integrated. Many industries are or are becoming international, and since media and information easily cross national borders, so should legitimation and its effects on overseas foundings. For example, if a type of firm becomes established in the United States, that information transcends borders, reduces uncertainties, and helps foundings of that type of firm in other countries. Even within national contexts, studies have found more support for the density dependence model when they employ broader geographic units of analysis--for example, finding that the model's operation is seen more clearly at the state and national levels than at city levels.
The passage suggests that when a population of specialist firms reaches a high density level, which of the following is likely to occur?
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关键词high density level、
定位第一段最后两句：At high density levels, however, competitive effects outweigh legitimation effects, discouraging foundings. The more numerous the competitors, the fiercer the competition will be and the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field.也就是说原则上density高，founding是被阻碍的
选项A 正确
选项B encourage many firms to broaden their target market.鼓励扩大目标市场 未提及
选项C foundings will be encouraged.错误
选项D will abandon their loyalty to older firms as more innovative firms enter the market.未提及
选项E begin to cross national borders in an attempt to gain a competitive advantage.未提及
discrouage--decline
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2022-12-05 20:51:10
我觉得有问题啊，原文说 the smaller will be the incentive for new firms to enter the field --- 这只能说明新的founding会减少, 但这并不意味着总的foundings会减少decline。 就像经济增长率降低，但是经济还是在增长的，经济并没有倒退
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2020-03-13 16:04:32
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